Resumo A análise da capacidade de combinação fornece informações úteis para a seleção dos pais, também informações sobre a natureza e a magnitude das ações dos genes envolvidos. A melhoria das safras envolve estratégias para aumentar a potencialidade da produção e os componentes de qualidade. Visando ao aprimoramento dos respectivos caracteres em cabaça-amarga, capacidade de combinação e parâmetros genéticos para 19 caracteres, foram estimados a partir de uma técnica de análise dialélica completa 6 × 6. Os resultados revelaram que as variâncias, devido à capacidade geral de combinação (GCA) e capacidade específica de combinação (SCA), foram altamente significativas para a maioria dos caracteres importantes. Indicou a importância das ações gênicas aditivas e não aditivas. As variâncias GCA foram maiores em magnitude do que as variâncias SCA para todos os caracteres estudados, indicando a predominância dos efeitos do gene aditivo em sua herança. O pai P2 (BG 009) apareceu como o melhor combinador geral para o início; P1 (BG 006) para número de frutos, peso médio de um único fruto e produção de frutos; P4 (BG 027) para número de nó da primeira flor fêmea e dias para a maturidade do fruto da semente; P3 (BG 011) para comprimento do fruto e espessura da polpa do fruto; P5 (BG 033) para peso de 100 sementes; e P6 para o número de nós por videira principal. O efeito SCA, bem como o efeito recíproco, também foi significativo para a maioria dos personagens importantes em cruzamentos diferentes.

Abstract Combining ability analysis provides useful information for the selection of parents, also information regarding the nature and magnitude of involved gene actions. Crops improvement involves strategies for enhancing yield potentiality and quality components. Targeting the improvement of respective characters in bitter gourd, combining ability and genetic parameters for 19 characters were estimated from a 6×6 full diallel analysis technique. The results revealed that the variances due to general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) were highly significant for most of the important characters. It indicated the importance of both additive and non-additive gene actions. GCA variances were higher in magnitude than SCA variances for all the characters studied indicating the predominance of the additive gene effects in their inheritance. The parent P2 (BG 009) appeared as the best general combiner for earliness; P1 (BG 006) for number of fruits, average single fruit weight and fruit yield; P4 (BG 027) for node number of first female flower and days to seed fruit maturity; P3 (BG 011) for fruit length and thickness of the fruit flesh; P5 (BG 033) for 100-seed weight; and P6 for number of nodes per main vine. The SCA effect as well as reciprocal effect was also significant for most of the important characters in different crosses.

Resumo As montanhas de Liupan são uma região importante na China no contexto de cobertura florestal e vegetação devido às enormes práticas de florestamento e plantação, que trouxeram mudanças nas propriedades físico-químicas do solo, e estoques e estequiometrias do solo raramente são compreendidos. O estudo visa explorar a distribuição de nutrientes do solo a 1 m de profundidade do solo na região da floresta plantada. As amostras de solo em cinco incrementos de profundidade (0-20, 20-40, 40-60, 60-80 e 80-100 cm) foram coletadas e analisadas para diferentes características físico-químicas do solo. Os resultados mostraram uma variação significativa nos valores de densidade do solo (BD), porosidade do solo, pH, capacidade de troca catiônica (CEC) e condutividade elétrica (CE). Mais DB do solo (1,41 g cm-3) e pH (6,97) do solo foram observados na camada profunda do solo (80-100 cm), enquanto os maiores valores de porosidade (60,6%), CE (0,09 mS cm-1) e CEC (32,9 c mol kg-1) foram refletidos na camada superior do solo (0-20 cm). Da mesma forma, os maiores teores de carbono orgânico do solo (SOC), fósforo total (TP), fósforo disponível (AP), nitrogênio total (TN) e potássio disponível (AK) foram calculados na camada superficial do solo (0-20 cm). Com o aumento do incremento da profundidade do solo, uma tendência decrescente no SOC e na concentração de outros nutrientes foi encontrada, enquanto o potássio total do solo (TK) produziu uma correlação negativa com a profundidade da camada do solo. Todos os resultados produziram a distribuição de SOCs e TNs (estoques) em várias profundidades de solo em padrões de floresta 0 → 20cm> 20 → 40cm> 40 → 60cm ≥ 60 → 80cm ≥ 80 → 100 cm. Além disso, as relações estequiométricas de C, N e P, as relações C / P e N / P, apresentaram valores máximos (66,49 e 5,46) em 0-20 cm, e valores mais baixos (23,78 e 1,91) em solo de 80-100 cm profundidade da camada. Embora a relação C / N fosse estatisticamente semelhante em todo o perfil do solo (0-100 cm). Esses resultados destacaram que os incrementos de profundidade do solo podem ser amplamente atribuídos a flutuações nas propriedades físico-químicas do solo, estoques e estequiometrias do solo. Mais estudos são necessários para tirar conclusões adicionais sobre a dinâmica dos nutrientes, estoques de solo e estequiometria do solo nessas florestas.

Abstract Liupan Mountains are an important region in China in the context of forest cover and vegetation due to huge afforestation and plantation practices, which brought changes in soil physio-chemical properties, soil stocks, and soil stoichiometries are rarely been understood. The study aims to explore the distribution of soil nutrients at 1-m soil depth in the plantation forest region. The soil samples at five depth increments (0-20, 20-40, 40-60, 60-80, and 80-100 cm) were collected and analyzed for different soil physio-chemical characteristics. The results showed a significant variation in soil bulk density (BD), soil porosity, pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and electric conductivity (EC) values. More soil BD (1.41 g cm-3) and pH (6.97) were noticed in the deep soil layer (80-100 cm), while the highest values of porosity (60.6%), EC (0.09 mS cm-1), and CEC (32.9 c mol kg-1) were reflected in the uppermost soil layer (0-20 cm). Similarly, the highest contents of soil organic carbon (SOC), total phosphorus (TP), available phosphorus (AP), total nitrogen (TN), and available potassium (AK) were calculated in the surface soil layer (0-20 cm). With increasing soil depth increment a decreasing trend in the SOC and other nutrient concentration were found, whereas the soil total potassium (TK) produced a negative correlation with soil layer depth. The entire results produced the distribution of SOCs and TNs (stocks) at various soil depths in forestland patterns were 0→20cm > 20→40cm > 40→60cm ≥ 60→80cm ≥ 80→100 cm. Furthermore, the stoichiometric ratios of C, N, and P, the C/P, and N/P ratios showed maximum values (66.49 and 5.46) in 0-20 cm and lowest values (23.78 and 1.91) in 80-100 cm soil layer depth. Though the C/N ratio was statistically similar across the whole soil profile (0-100 cm). These results highlighted that the soil depth increments might largely be attributed to fluctuations in soil physio-chemical properties, soil stocks, and soil stoichiometries. Further study is needed to draw more conclusions on nutrient dynamics, soil stocks, and soil stoichiometry in these forests.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar o tamanho na primeira maturidade sexual (Lm) para 36 espécies pertencentes a 24 famílias do hábitat marinho do Baluchistão e Sindh, no Mar Arábico, Paquistão, por meio de modelo empírico e logístico com base no comprimento máximo usando captura comercial, durante junho de 2020 e maio de 2021. O comprimento total individual (TL) foi anotado até 0,1 cm usando medição ampla. O Lm foi calculado por duas fórmulas; (i) log (Lm) = - 0,1246 + 0,9924 * log (Lmax) para elasmobrânquios; e (ii) log (Lm) = - 0,1189 + 0,9157* log (Lmax) para peixes com nadadeiras raiadas. O Lm mínimo foi de 10,27 cm de TL para Caranx malabaricus, e o máximo, de 108,38 cm de TL para Isurus oxyrinchus. Em 58,33% das espécies com Lm foram encontradas faixas de 19,00 cm a 25,00 cm de TL. Este estudo estimou que 16 espécies com Lm estão globalmente ausentes e as 20 espécies restantes com Lm estão ausentes no Mar Arábico (hábitats costeiros do Paquistão). Portanto, os resultados serão úteis para o manejo sustentável e a conservação desses peixes marinhos por meio do estabelecimento da malhagem das redes de arrasto com base no tamanho na primeira maturidade sexual (Lm).

Abstract The aim of this study was to estimate the size at first sexual maturity (Lm) for 36 species belonging to 24 families from the marine habitat of Balochistan and Sindh in Arabian Sea, Pakistan through maximum length based an empirical and logistic model using commercial catch during June 2020 to May 2021. Individual total length (TL) was noted up to 0.1 cm using measuring broad. The Lm was calculated using two formulae; (i) log (Lm) = - 0.1246 + 0.9924 * log (Lmax) for Elasmobranchs and (ii) log (Lm) = -0.1189 + 0.9157* log (Lmax) for ray-finned fishes. The minimum Lm was recorded as 10.27 cm TL for Caranx malabaricus and 108.38 cm TL for Isurus oxyrinchus, respectively. Around Lm with 58.33% species were ranges from 19.00 cm to 25.00 cm TL. This study was estimated 16 newly Lm which is globally absent and rest 20 Lm are absent in the Arabian Sea (Pakistan coastal habitats). Therefore, the results will be helpful for the sustainable management and conservation of these marine fishes through the establishment of mesh size of trawl nets based on the size at sexual maturity (Lm).

Resumo Aeromonas hydrophila é uma causa de surtos de doenças infecciosas em espécies de carpas cultivadas em países do sul da Ásia, incluindo o Paquistão. Essa bactéria ganhou resistência a uma ampla gama de antibióticos, e medidas preventivas robustas são necessárias para controlar sua disseminação. Nenhum uso anterior de vacinas para peixes foi relatado no Paquistão. O presente estudo tem como objetivo desenvolver e avaliar vacinas inativadas contra cepa local de A. hydrophila no Paquistão com precipitado de alúmen como adjuvante. O potencial imunogênico da vacina foi avaliado em duas carpas principais indianas (Rohu: Labeo rohita, Mori: Cirrhinus mrigala) e uma carpa chinesa (Grass Carp: Ctenopharyngodon idella). Os peixes foram vacinados por via intraperitoneal, seguido de um desafio por imersão. Peixes com idade média de 4-5 meses foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em três grupos vacinados com três concentrações de vacina de 108, 109 e 1010 unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC) / ml e um grupo de controle. Foi aplicada dose fixa de 0,1ml em cada peixe no 1º dia e dose de reforço 15 dias pós-vacinação (DPV). Amostras de sangue foram coletadas em 14, 28, 35, 48 e 60 DPV para determinar os títulos de anticorpos no soro sanguíneo usando o teste de fixação de elogio (CFT). Os peixes foram desafiados a 60 DPV com infecciosa A. hydrophila com 108 CFU / ml por imersão. Níveis significativamente mais elevados de títulos de anticorpos foram observados em 28 DPV em todos os grupos vacinados, em comparação com aqueles no grupo de controle. Na experiência de desafio, o RPS médio (sobrevivência percentual relativa) foi de 71% para os grupos vacinados com 109 e 1010 CFU / ml e 86% para 108 CFU / ml. A vacina com 108 UFC / ml induziu a maior resposta imune seguida por 109 e 1010 UFC / ml. A resposta imune de L. rohita e C. idella foi melhor do que a de C. mrigala. Em geral, histopatologia normal foi observada em diferentes órgãos de peixes vacinados, enquanto pequenas alterações deteriorantes foram encontradas no grupo de controle e nos peixes vacinados com concentrações mais altas da vacina.

Abstract Aeromonas hydrophila is a cause of infectious disease outbreaks in carp species cultured in South Asian countries including Pakistan. This bacterium has gained resistance to a wide range of antibiotics and robust preventive measures are necessary to control its spread. No prior use of fish vaccines has been reported in Pakistan. The present study aims to develop and evaluate inactivated vaccines against local strain of A. hydrophila in Pakistan with alum-precipitate as adjuvant. The immunogenic potential of vaccine was evaluated in two Indian major carps (Rohu: Labeo rohita, Mori: Cirrhinus mrigala) and a Chinese carp (Grass carp: Ctenopharyngodon idella). Fish were vaccinated intraperitoneally followed by a challenge through immersion. Fish with an average age of 4-5 months were randomly distributed in three vaccinated groups with three vaccine concentrations of 108, 109 and 1010 colony forming unit (CFU)/ml and a control group. Fixed dose of 0.1ml was applied to each fish on 1st day and a booster dose at 15 days post-vaccination (DPV). Blood samples were collected on 14, 28, 35, 48 and 60 DPV to determine antibody titers in blood serum using compliment fixation test (CFT). Fish were challenged at 60 DPV with infectious A. hydrophila with 108 CFU/ml through immersion. Significantly higher levels of antibody titers were observed from 28 DPV in all vaccinated groups as compared to those in the control group. In challenge experiment the average RPS (relative percent survivability) was 71% for groups vaccinated with 109 and 1010 CFU/ml and 86% for 108 CFU/ml. Vaccine with 108 CFU/ml induced highest immune response followed by 109 and 1010 CFU/ml. The immune response of L. rohita and C. idella was better than that of C. mrigala. In general, normal histopathology was observed in different organs of vaccinated fish whereas minor deteriorative changes were found in fish vaccinated with higher concentrations of the vaccine.

An ion selective membrane sensor from dioctyl phthalate as a plasticizer in a polymeric matrix of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and β-cyclodextrin as an ionophore was constructed and evaluated according to IUPAC recommendations. Linear Nernstian response of DPPH• within the concentration ranges of 10-6 to 10-2 mol L-1 was obtained with average recovery 99.87 ± 0.617. Nernstian slope of 58.5 mV/decade with excellent selectivity over the pH range of 3-8 was observed. The suggested method was standardized using butylated hydroxyl anisole (BHA). The 50% radical scavenging activity (IC50) determined by the proposed sensor correlated well with that of the common spectrophotometric method based on scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•). An algorithm implemented in Microsoft Visual Basic® 6.0 was used for calculating (IC50) values which are 7.38 μg/mL ± 0.35, 89.98 μg/ mL ± 0.45 and 1.45 mg/ mL ± 1.50 for BHA, Paracetamol and Dipyridamole, respectively. The proposed sensor represents a simple and reproducible tool for measuring DPPH• scavenging activity of Paracetamol and Dipyridamole in bulk powder, pharmaceutical formulations and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) without sophisticated separation techniques.

Objective To estimate the prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes in Bangladesh using national survey data and to identify risk factors. Methods Sociodemographic and anthropometric data and data on blood pressure and blood glucose levels were obtained for 7541 adults aged 35 years or more from the biomarker sample of the 2011 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), which was a nationally representative survey with a stratified, multistage, cluster sampling design. Risk factors for diabetes and prediabetes were identified using multilevel logistic regression models, with adjustment for clustering within households and communities. Findings The overall age-adjusted prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes was 9.7% and 22.4%, respectively. Among urban residents, the age-adjusted prevalence of diabetes was 15.2% compared with 8.3% among rural residents. In total, 56.0% of diabetics were not aware they had the condition and only 39.5% were receiving treatment regularly. The likelihood of diabetes in individuals aged 55 to 59 years was almost double that in those aged 35 to 39 years. Study participants from the richest households were more likely to have diabetes than those from the poorest. In addition, the likelihood of diabetes was also significantly associated with educational level, body weight and the presence of hypertension. The prevalence of diabetes varied significantly with region of residence. Conclusion Almost one in ten adults in Bangladesh was found to have diabetes, which has recently become a major public health issue. Urgent action is needed to counter the rise in diabetes through better detection, awareness, prevention and treatment.

Resumen Objetivo Estimar la prevalencia de la diabetes y la prediabetes en Bangladesh a partir de datos de encuestas nacionales e identificar los factores de riesgo. Métodos Se obtuvieron datos sociodemográficos y antropométricos sobre la presión arterial y los niveles de glucosa en sangre de 7541 adultos de 35 años o mayores de la muestra de biomarcadores de la Encuesta demográfica y de salud de Bangladesh 2011(DHS), esta fue una encuesta representativa a nivel nacional con un diseño de muestreo por conglomerados estratificado y multietápico. Se identificaron los factores de riesgo de la diabetes y la prediabetes mediante modelos de regresión logística multinivel, con ajustes para el agrupamiento en los hogares y las comunidades. Resultados La prevalencia general ajustada por edad de la diabetes y la prediabetes fue de 9,7 % y 22,4 %, respectivamente. Entre los residentes urbanos, la prevalencia ajustada por edad de la diabetes fue de 15,2 %, en comparación con el 8,3 % entre los residentes rurales. En total, el 56,0 % de los diabéticos no sabían que padecían la condición y solo el 39,5 % recibían tratamiento con frecuencia. La probabilidad de padecer diabetes en individuos de 55 a 59 años era casi el doble que en las mujeres de 35 a 39 años. Los participantes del estudio de los hogares más ricos tenían más posibilidades de padecer diabetes que aquellos de los más pobres. Además, la probabilidad de padecer diabetes también estuvo asociada de forma significativa con el nivel educativo, el peso corporal y la presencia de hipertensión. La prevalencia de diabetes varió según la región de residencia. Conclusión Se halló que casi uno de cada diez adultos en Bangladesh padece diabetes, la cual se ha convertido recientemente en un problema de salud pública importante. Se necesitan medidas urgentes para contrarrestar el aumento de la diabetes, mediante la mejora de la detección, la conciencia, la prevención y el tratamiento.

Résumé Objectif Estimer la prévalence du diabète et du prédiabète au Bangladesh en utilisant les données de l'enquête nationale et identifier les facteurs de risque. Méthodes Les données sociodémographiques et anthropométriques, ainsi que les données sur la tension artérielle et la glycémie, ont été obtenues pour 7541 adultes âgés de 35 ans ou plus, à partir de l'échantillon de biomarqueurs de l'Enquête sur la démographie et la santé au Bangladesh en 2011, qui était une enquête représentative au niveau national avec une conception d'échantillonnage par grappe stratifiée et à plusieurs étages. Les facteurs de risque pour le diabète et le prédiabète ont été identifiés en utilisant des modèles de régression logistiques multiniveaux avec ajustement pour le regroupement au sein des ménages et des communautés. Résultats La prévalence globale du diabète et du prédiabète, ajustée en fonction de l'âge, était de 9,7% et 22,4%, respectivement. Chez les personnes habitant en zone urbaine, la prévalence du diabète ajustée en fonction de l'âge était de 15,2% contre 8,3% chez les personnes habitant en zone rurale. Au total, 56,0% des diabétiques ne savaient pas qu'ils l'étaient et seulement 39,5% recevaient un traitement régulier. La probabilité de diabète chez les individus âgés de 55 à 59 ans était presque deux fois plus élevée que chez les personnes âgées de 35 à 39 ans. Les participants de l'étude qui faisaient partie des ménages les plus riches, étaient plus susceptibles d'avoir le diabète que ceux faisant partie des ménages les plus pauvres. En outre, la probabilité de diabète était également significativement associée avec le niveau d'étude, le poids corporel et la présence d'hypertension. La prévalence du diabète variait significativement selon la région de résidence. Conclusion Près d'un adulte sur dix au Bangladesh s'avère être diabétique, ce qui est devenu récemment un problème majeur de santé publique. Il est urgent de prendre des mesures pour lutter contre l'augmentation des cas de diabète via une amélioration du dépistage, de la sensibilisation, de la prévention et du traitement.

This paper presents a new circular photonic crystal fiber (C-PCF) for effective dispersion compensation covering E to L wavelength bands ranging from 1360-1625 nm. To investigate its guiding properties, finite element method (FEM) with a perfectly matched layer absorbing boundary condition is used. From our numerical simulation, it is found that the designed C-PCF simultaneously shows a large negative dispersion of about -248.65 to -1069 ps/(nm.km) over E to L wavelength bands and a relative dispersion slope (RDS) exactly equal to that of a single mode fiber (SMF) at 1.55 µm wavelength. It is also found that residual dispersion after compesating 40 km long SMF is within ±62 ps/nm which ensures application of C-PCF in high speed WDM system. Besides, dispersion slope, slope compensation ratio, effective area and confinement loss of the proposed C-PCF are also evaluated and discussed.

The industrialization of the world, increase in population, slow paced city development and mismanagement of the available parking space has resulted in parking related problems. There is a dire need for a secure, intelligent, efficient and reliable system which can be used for searching the unoccupied parking facility, guidance towards the parking facility, negotiation of the parking fee, along with the proper management of the parking facility. Intelligent Parking Service is a part of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). This paper reviews different Intelligent Parking Services used for parking guidance, parking facility management and gives an insight into the economic analysis of such projects. The discussed systems will be able to reduce the problems which are arising due to unavailability of a reliable, efficient and modern parking system, while the economic analysis technique will help in analyzing the projects' feasibility.

La industrialización del mundo, el aumento de población, el desarrollo de la ciudad de ritmo lento y la mala gestión del espacio de aparcamiento disponible ha dado lugar a problemas relacionados con el aparcamiento. Hay una gran necesidad de un sistema seguro, inteligente, eficiente y confiable que se puede utilizar para buscar el aparcamiento desocupada, la orientación hacia el aparcamiento, la negociación de la tarifa de aparcamiento, así como la correcta gestión de las instalaciones de aparcamiento. Servicio de Estacionamiento Inteligente es una parte de los Sistemas Inteligentes de Transporte (ITS). Este artículo revisa los diferentes Servicios de estacionamiento inteligentes utilizados para la guía, Aparcamiento gestión de instalaciones y da una idea del análisis económico de este tipo de proyectos. Los sistemas descritos podrán reducir los problemas que están surgiendo debido a la falta de un sistema de aparcamiento fiable, eficiente y moderna, mientras que la técnica de análisis económico nos ayudará en el análisis de viabilidad de los proyectos.

This study investigated the effects of gibberellin (GA3) on the fruit development, pigmentation and biochemical properties of wax apple. The wax apple trees were rubbing treated with 0, 20, 50 and 100 mgGA3/l under field conditions. The localized application (rubbing) of 50 mg GA3/l significantly increased the fruit set, fruit length and diameter, color development, weight and yieldcompared to the control. In addition, GA3 treatments significantly reduced the fruit drop. With regard to the fruit quality, 50 mg/l GA3 treatment increased the juice content, K+, TSS, total sugar and sugar acid ratio of wax apple fruits. In addition, higher vitamin C, phenol, flavonoid, anthocyanin, carotene content, PAL and antioxidant activities were recorded in the treated fruits. There was a positive correlation between the peel colour and TSS content and between the PAL activity and anthocyanin formation in the GA3-treated fruit. It was concluded that rubbing with 50 mg/L GA3 at inflorescence developing point of phloem once a week from the tiny inflorescence bud until the flower opening resulted in better yield and quality of wax apple fruits and could be an effective technique to safe the environment from excessive spray.

Standard Liesegang banding is the display of parallel bands of precipitate formed periodically when co-precipitate ions interdiffuse in a gel medium. The most striking resemblance with Liesegang patterns in Nature lies in the diverse scenery of banded textural features commonly observed in some geological materials, such as geodes, agates, malachites, as well as stratigraphic units of certain rock formations. Here, we explore the possible relationship between the Liesegang banding scenario and magmatic-type pattern formation, such as zonations in km-scale circular zoned plutons and anorogenic ring complexes, cyclic layering in large mafic - ultramafic layered intrusions and orbicular granites, as well as in mm-scale crystal zonations. We also investigate magmatic processes such as fractional crystallization, and the ranges of T and p that are compatible with operating conditions for Liesegang banding. For geochemical self-organization to operate via a Liesegang-type mechanism, a necessary condition is that the system be transiently out of equilibrium, and be described by complex nonlinear kinetic laws. We examine the viability of the development of geochemical patterns, in relation with the various requirements for the growth of Liesegang structures.

The combined cycle gas-turbine (CCGT) power plant is a highly developed technology which generates electrical power at high efficiencies. The first law of thermodynamics is used for energy analysis of the performance of the CCGT plant. The effects of varying the operating conditions (ambient temperature, compression ratio, turbine inlet temperature, isentropic compressor and turbine efficiencies, and mass flow rate of steam) on the performance of the CCGT (overall efficiency and total output power) were investigated. The programming of the performance model for CCGT was developed utilizing MATLAB software. The simulation results for CCGT show that the overall efficiency increases with increases in the compression ratio and turbine inlet temperature and with decreases in ambient temperature. The total power output increases with increases in the compression ratio, ambient temperature, and turbine inlet temperature. The peak overall efficiency was reached with a higher compression ratio and low ambient temperature. The overall efficiencies for CCGT were very high compared to the thermal efficiency of GT plants. The overall thermal efficiency of the CCGT quoted was around 57%; hence, the compression ratios, ambient temperature, turbine inlet temperature, isentropic compressor and turbine efficiencies, and mass flow rate of steam have a strong influence on the overall performance of the CCGT cycle.

Este artigo aborda os sistemas de transporte público, os serviços por eles ofertados e o padrão de deslocamento das pessoas na Província de Siquijor, uma ilha das Filipinas. Para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa foram utilizados formulário de pesquisa domiciliar, entrevistas com passageiros dos diversos meios de transporte público e uma minuciosa observação participativa. Ônibus, jeepney, easyride, triciclo e habalhabal são os sistemas de transporte público disponíveis na ilha. Contudo, estes serviços não proporcionam o tempo de viagem e espera, disponibilidade ou frequência, conforto e segurança demandados pelos passageiros. A maior parte das pessoas opta por se utilizar do easyride em função do conforto e do menor tempo de espera, ao passo que optam pelo ônibus em virtude do conforto oferecido. Considerando o padrão de viagens, situação socioeconômica e condições topográficas locais, este trabalho buscou identificar qual o sistema de transporte público mais apropriado para a ilha. Observou-se que o ônibus é o meio mais adequado para trajetos longos, enquanto o easyride se destaca nas viagens intermunicipais e o habalhabal nos trajetos em áreas montanhosas.

This paper explores the existing forms of public transport system and their services as well as travel pattern of people in Siquijor Province, an island of the Philippines. Household questionnaire survey, interview of the passengers of various public transport modes at their stations, and a detailed participatory observation were conducted for the research. Bus, jeepney, easyride, tricycle, and habalhabal are the available public transport systems in the island. However, these services do not provide travel time, waiting time, availability or frequency, comfort, and safety that is required by passengers. Majority of the people mostly prefer the easyride for comfort and less waiting time whilst the bus for comfort. Considering the travel pattern, socio-economic situation and topographic condition, the research tried to identify which form of public transport system would be appropriate for the island. It was found that bus is appropriate for longer trips while easyride for the inter-municipal trips and habalhabal for the trips in mountain areas.

A propriedade antidiarréica do extrato hidroetanólico dos topos floridos de Anthocephalus cadamba foi avaliada em animais experimentais. O extrato hidroetanólico seco (250-500 mg/kg massa corpórea, v.o.) exibiu uma diminuição dose-dependente do número total de excrementos na diarréia induzida por óleo de castor em camundongos. O extrato também causou uma redução significativa (p < 0.01) e dose-dependente do acúmulo de fluidos intestinais e do trânsito gastrointestinal de 64,59% e 71,19% nas doses de 250 e 500 mg/kg. As taxas de redução foram de 37,85% e 74,91%, respectivamente, com o grupo controle e da droga padrão.

The antidiarrhoeal property of the hydroethanolic extract of the flowering tops of Anthocephalus cadamba was assessed on experimental animals. The dry hydroethanolic extract (250-500 mg/kg body mass, p.o.) exhibited a dose-dependent decrease in the total number of faecal droppings in castor oil-induced diarrhoea in mice. The extract also produced a significant (p < 0.01) and dose-dependent reduction in intestinal fluids accumulation and in the gastrointestinal transit from 64.59 % and 71.19% at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg. The reduction rates were 37.85% and 74.91%, respectively, with the control and standard drug group.

Analysis of heat and mass transfer in a burning vertical surface exposed to a fluid flow parallel to the surface is presented. The combustion process considered is steady and the burning surface is in equilibrium vaporization. A fast gas phase reaction is assumed to occur between the fuel and the oxidizer. The flame sheet approximation is used to describe the reacting flow. The governing equations describing the conservation of mass, momentum, energy, and species concentrations were solved numerically along with appropriate boundary conditions. Schvab-Zeldovich variables were used to eliminate the mass and energy generation terms from the governing equations. Calculations were done for two different fuels and for a range of Reynolds number. Computed results included the distributions of velocity components, enthalpy, and concentration of fuel, oxidizer, products, and inert gas, and the position of the flame sheet.

OBJECTIVE: To explore use-inequity in maternal health-care services in home-based skilled-birth-attendant (SBA) programme areas in Bangladesh. METHODS: Data from a community survey, conducted from February to May 2006, were analysed to examine inequities in use of SBAs, caesarean sections for deliveries and postnatal care services according to key socioeconomic factors. FINDINGS: Of 2164 deliveries, 35% had an SBA, 22.8% were in health facilities and 10.8% were by caesarean section. Rates of uptake of antenatal and postnatal care were 93% and 28%, respectively. There were substantial use-inequities in maternal health by asset quintiles, distance, and area of residence, and education of both the woman and her husband. However, not all inequities were the same. After adjusting for other determinants, the differences in the use of maternal health-care services for poor and rich people remained substantial [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 2.51 (95% confidence interval, CI: 1.68-3.76) for skilled attendance; OR 2.58 (95% CI: 1.28-5.19) for use of caesarean sections and OR 1.53 (95% CI: 1.05-2.25) for use of postnatal care services]. Complications during pregnancy influenced use of SBAs, caesarean-section delivery and postnatal care services. The number of antenatal carevisits was a significant predictor for use of SBAs and postnatal care, but not for caesarean sections. CONCLUSION: Use of maternity care services was higher in the study areas than national averages, but a tremendous use-inequity persists. Interventions to overcome financial barriers are recommended to address inequity in maternal health. A greater focus is needed on the implementation and evaluation of maternal-health interventions for poor people.

OBJETIVO: Estudiar la inequidad en el uso de los servicios de atención materna en las zonas con programas de parteras calificadas (PC) de atención domiciliaria en Bangladesh. MÉTODOS: Se analizaron los datos de una encuesta comunitaria llevada a cabo entre febrero y mayo de 2006 para analizar las inequidades en el uso de las PC, la práctica de cesáreas y los servicios de atención posnatal en función de factores socioeconómicos clave. RESULTADOS: De un total de 2164 partos, el 35% tuvieron lugar con la asistencia de una PC, el 22,8% se produjeron en establecimientos de salud, y un 10,8% se hicieron mediante cesárea. Las tasas de uso de los servicios de atención prenatal y posnatal fueron del 93% y el 28%, respectivamente. Se observaron inequidades sustanciales en el uso de los servicios de salud materna en función de los quintiles de riqueza, la distancia y la zona de residencia y el nivel de instrucción tanto de la mujer como del cónyuge, pero el grado de inequidad difería. Después de ajustar para otros determinantes, las diferencias de uso de los servicios de atención materna entre las personas ricas y las pobres siguieron siendo sustanciales [razón de posibilidades (OR) ajustada de 2,51 (intervalo de confianza del 95%: 1,68-3,76) para la asistencia por personal cualificado; 2,58 (IC95%: 1,28-5,19) para la práctica de cesáreas, y 1,53 (IC95%: 1,05-2,25) para el uso de servicios de atención posnatal]. Las complicaciones durante el embarazo influyeron en el uso de las PC, el parto por cesárea y los servicios de atención posnatal. El número de visitas de atención prenatal fue un factor predictivo importante de la intervención de PC y del recurso a los servicios de atención posnatal, pero no de las cesáreas. CONCLUSIÓN: La utilización de los servicios de maternidad en las zonas estudiadas fue mayor que la media nacional, pero sigue habiendo grandes inequidades en lo tocante al uso de esos servicios. Se recomienda emprender intervenciones para superar los obstáculos económicos y corregir las inequidades en salud materna, y hay que hacer más hincapié en la aplicación y evaluación de las intervenciones de salud materna en la población pobre.

OBJECTIF: Etudier l'inéquité dans le recours aux services de soins maternels dans les zones desservies par des programmes d'assistance à domicile des naissances par du personnel qualifié (SBA) au Bangladesh. MÉTHODES: Les données fournies par une enquête en communauté, réalisée de février à mai 2006, ont été analysées pour étudier, en fonction de facteurs socioéconomiques clés, les inéquités dans le recours aux SBA, à une césarienne pour l'accouchement et aux services de soins postnatals. RÉSULTATS: Sur 2164 accouchements, 35 % ont bénéficié d'un SBA, 22,8 % se sont déroulés dans un établissement de soins et 10,8 % se sont effectués par césarienne. Les taux d'utilisation des soins anténatals et postnatals étaient respectivement de 93 et 28 %. Il existait des inéquités sanitaires substantielles entre les mères selon le quintile de richesse, l'éloignement et la zone de résidence et le niveau d'éducation maternel et paternel. Cependant, ces inéquités étaient d'une ampleur variable. Après ajustement pour d'autres déterminants, les écarts entres riches et pauvres pour le recours aux services de soins maternels restaient importants : odds ratio ajusté (OR) = 2,51 (intervalle de confiance à 95 %, IC = 1,68-3,76) pour l'assistance par du personnel qualifié à la naissance ; OR = 2,58 (IC à 95 % = 1,28-5,19)] pour l'accouchement par césarienne et 0R = 1,53 (IC à 95 % = 1,05-2,25 pour les services de soins postnatals. La survenue de complications pendant la grossesse influait sur le recours aux SBA, à l'accouchement par césarienne et aux services de soins postnatals. Le nombre de visites anténatales était un paramètre prédictif important pour le recours aux SBA et aux soins postnatals, mais pas pour le recours à une césarienne. CONCLUSION: Les services de soins maternels étaient plus utilisés dans les zones étudiées qu'en moyenne dans le pays. Une très forte inéquité persiste cependant dans le recours à ces soins. Des interventions visant à surmonter les obstacles financiers sont recommandées pour faire face à cette inéquité en matière de santé maternelle. Il faut se concentrer davantage sur la mise en œuvre et l'évaluation des interventions en faveur de la santé maternelle visant des personnes défavorisées.